Mutual funds pose risks similar to any investment; their value may rise or fall depending on market and economic factors.
Mutual funds face general market, interest rate, and purchasing power risks that differ among different categories of mutual funds. However, specific risks vary widely across them all.
Market Risk
Mutual funds offer more diverse investments than savings products, offering the potential to build wealth over time. But they carry risks, including market and equity risk – the former refers to the possibility that markets or economies could decline and cause individual investments to lose value. In contrast, equity risk pertains to fluctuations in share prices within mutual funds and potential value loss.
Diversifying your portfolio and not placing all your eggs in one basket are two effective strategies for mitigating risk. Still, even with diversification, it remains possible for unexpected large-scale events to hurt any portfolio.
Liquidity risk should also be carefully considered when making investment decisions, ensuring you can sell your mutual fund shares when needed. Most mutual funds are liquid enough for everyday investors’ needs; however, specific categories like ELSS may have lock-in periods and will not be available for sale for an extended period.
Finally, inflation risk should be an area of consideration. This refers to the risk that your returns won’t keep pace with inflation and diminish, decreasing purchasing power over time. While most mutual funds aim to outstrip inflation as much as possible, this cannot always be guaranteed and can depend on various external factors.
Every mutual fund has its own risk set that depends on its portfolio composition. Equity-based funds may be subject to market and volatility risk, while debt-based mutual funds could face interest rate or credit risk. Furthermore, all types of mutual funds could face wider-ranging threats, such as sociopolitical conditions or government policies that impact performance – which may negatively impact overall performance and its assets.
Interest Rate Risk
Mutual fund and ETF investments involve certain risks, including interest rate risk. This risk entails the possibility that a fund’s bond investments could decline due to unexpected fluctuations in current interest rates; interest rates serve as critical drivers of bond prices, and their relationship is generally inverse; when interest rates rise, bond prices often decrease accordingly.
When interest rates decline, existing bonds in a fund’s portfolio can appreciate; however, as new bonds with lower coupon rates enter its portfolio, they could cause its overall value to drop. Conversely, rising interest rates would mean more unique bonds issued at higher yields will have lower overall values–causing per unit costs of the NAV (net asset value) to increase compared to what had existed prior.
Some bond funds are vulnerable to prepayment risk. This occurs when borrowers pay off loans sooner than scheduled, which reduces the total maturity of investments and potentially shortens the average duration. While money market funds and certificates of deposit may not be susceptible to this risk, those investing in asset-backed securities such as mortgage-backed securities or zero-coupon bonds could be particularly exposed.
Bond funds may also be susceptible to interest rate changes through leverage. Many large bond mutual funds utilize derivatives as a method for investing with borrowed capital that may exceed that invested and therefore has the potential for more significant gains than investing solely in bonds alone. Though current regulations in both America and Europe limit how much leverage derivatives can offer bond funds, their use continues to increase rapidly.
Credit risk in bond funds refers to the possibility that their issuer will fail to pay interest and principal on its bonds as promised. To reduce this risk, investors can diversify their portfolios with securities of different ratings and durations and implement various hedging strategies.
Liquidity Risk
Many are aware of the risks involved with investing in mutual funds – market risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, and concentration risk – yet another lesser-known risk is liquidity risk. Liquidity risk refers to the possibility that funds might not be able to sell enough assets quickly enough to meet redemption requests on time, thus diluting investors’ stakes and diminishing their interests over time.
Liquidity risk is of particular importance for open-end investment funds. Because shareholders can redeem their shares anytime, these funds must maintain enough liquid assets to satisfy redemption requests without jeopardizing their investment objectives. Multiple factors influence liquidity risk, including overall holdings liquidity and individual asset liquidity.
Liquidity of fund assets depends on their market accessibility – that is, buyers and sellers in those securities’ respective markets. For instance, investments in equity shares may be difficult to sell due to limited trading volumes on stock exchanges and lengthy settlement times, leaving them stuck in your portfolio for extended periods.
An adverse liquidity event could reduce the fund’s Net Asset Value and decrease the returns you receive on your investment. Luckily, most funds maintain a mix of highly liquid investments and less liquid assets in their portfolio to provide investors with liquidity throughout any shortfalls in liquidity management. Fund managers also utilize internal processes to guarantee continued service to investors in case of liquidity challenges.
Fixed-income funds like bonds, real estate, and debt may face more of a liquidity challenge than others due to difficulties in quickly liquidating illiquid investments to meet redemption demands.
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) recently unveiled a rule to mandate how US open-end investment funds manage their liquidity risk, specifically by requiring that they regularly assess and monitor it. Furthermore, this proposal calls for funds to impose transaction costs when their shareholders redeem shares – known as swing pricing.
Management Risk
Investment options come in all forms, yet no investment type is without risks. Mutual funds provide diversification with professional management, yet even these do not come without risk.
Mutual fund investors face many forms of risk when investing, including market risk – the risk that investments will decline due to changes in the economy or markets, such as natural disasters, political unrest, inflation, or fluctuations in interest rates. A diversified portfolio can help mitigate this risk and protect its returns.
Credit risk occurs when an issuer of debt instruments such as bonds and debentures fails to fulfill their payment obligation as promised. One way to mitigate credit risk is investing in mutual funds in various companies with high credit ratings.
Liquidity risk refers to the possibility that it will take longer than anticipated to sell securities from a fund’s portfolio, often due to factors like trading volume or settlement periods. You can minimize this risk by investing in funds with high liquidity levels or selecting funds with reduced volatility.
Mutual funds offer investors an efficient and cost-effective means of investing in stocks and bonds markets. Still, it’s essential to understand all of the risks associated with them and select one which best matches your risk tolerance. For assistance, BlueShore Financial Investment Advisors are on hand to review your portfolio to ensure its risk level aligns with your goals.
